Arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing); Type specific antibodies by neutralization for Chikungunya virus, Mayaro, Zika, West Nile (for others consult).

Arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus): Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing); Type specific antibodies (neutralization) for Chikungunya virus, Mayaro, Zika and West Nile.

Information 09/05/2015.

The term Arbovirus is an epidemiological term corresponding to the initial Arthropod Borne Virus, ie arthropod - borne viruses. There are many arthropod - borne viruses, families and genera belonging to very different viruses.

Family Flaviviridae - Genus Flavivirus.

Togaviridae family - Genus Alphavirus.

Bunyaviridae family - Genres Phlebovirus and Bunyavirus.

Family Reoviridae - Gender Orbivirus.

Family Rhabdoviridae -

Flavivirus (family Flaviviridae)

They are a broad group of arthropod - borne viruses, whose characteristics being covered virus, ss RNA (single stranded), positive polarity (its RNA acts as a messenger RNA). Many have been reported, of which about 30 can cause human disease.

Many of them produce asymptomatic infections, and others lead to a disease whose clinical characteristics are variable and can lead to a fever or not accompanied by rash and arthralgia, or a serious condition that can be life threatening as is encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever.

Flavivirus leading producers of human diseases, their arthropod vectors and their preferred places of endemicity are (alphabetical order of abbreviations and English names):

      • DENV: Dengue virus serotypes 1 to 4 (DENV 1-4 Dengue viruses serotypes 1 to 4). Mosquitos - universal.
      • JEV: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV: Japanesse Encephalitis virus). Mosquitos - America and Asia.
      • KFDV: Disease Virus Kyasanur Forest (KFDV: Kyasanur Forest Disease virus). Ticks - India.
      • KUNV: Kunjin Virus (KUNV: Kunjin virus).
      • ILHV: Ilheus Virus (ILHV: Ilheus virus).
      • MUEV: Virus , Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MUEV: Murray Valley Encephalitis virus).
      • OHFV: virus Omsk hemorrhagic fever (OHFV: Omsk Haemorrhagic Fever virus).
      • PEV: Virus encephalitis Powasan (PEV: Powasan Encephalitis virus). Ticks - North America.
      • ROCV: Virus Rocio (ROCV: Rocio virus). Brazil.
      • SLEV: Virus Encephalitis Saint Louis (SLEV: Saint Louis Encephalitis virus). Mosquitos - North America.
      • TBEV: Virus tick - borne encephalitis (TBEV: Tick-borne Encephalitis virus). Ticks - Eastern Europe.
      • WNV: West Nile Virus (WNV: West Nile virus): mosquitoes - Africa, Asia, Europe, USA
      • YFV: Yellow Fever Virus (YFV: Yellow Fever virus). Mosquitos - (Aedes aegypti domestic yellow -Fever; Haemagogus spp and other jungle yellow fever-.).
      • ZIKV: Zika Virus (ZIKV: Zika virus). Mosquitos - Africa, Asia, South America   (request specific information).

Alphavirus (family Togaviridae)

They are a large group of virus (> 28 species) transmitted by arthropods, whose characteristics being covered with single - stranded RNA virus positive sign (+ ss RNA).

Many of them produce asymptomatic infections, and others lead to a disease whose clinical characteristics are variable and can lead to a fever accompanied by arthralgia and sometimes maculopapular rash or a serious condition that can be life threatening as is encephalitis .

Usually they cause two different types of disease:

      1. Persistent febrile illness with arthralgia (eg -MAYV-Mayaro virus and its subspecies A virus -UNAV-).
      1. Encephalitis, with or without demyelination (eg VEEV, EEEV, WEEV).

In general, each Alphavirus cause one of these two patterns of disease. Alphavirus other unrelated to disease (eg Aura virus or Pixuna virus).

Alphavirus leading producers of human diseases, their arthropod vectors and their preferred places of endemicity are (alphabetical order of abbreviations and English names):

      • Aura, Virus .... Western Equine Encephalitis species complex virus.
      • Babanki, Virus .... Western Equine Encephalitis species complex virus.
      • BFV: Barmah Forest virus (BFV: Barmah Forest virus). Autralia. Reservorio people.
      • Bebaru, Virus .... Ross River virus subtype.
      • Buggy Creek, Virus .... Recombinant species Western equine encephalitis virus complex.
      • CHIKV: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV: Chikungunya virus). Mosquitos - Africa, India, Southeast Asia, South America; Outbreaks elsewhere. Primates and people reservoir.
      • EEEV: Virus , Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEEV: Eastern Equine Encephalitis virus). Mosquitos - North and South America. Its natural hosts are birds and rodents and their main transmitters are in the US ornithophilic are the mosquitoes that keep the reservoir transmitting between birds and rodents as Culiseta melanua transmitting in Eastern US; Culex spp. in Mexico, Central and South Americas to Argentina. Less restrictive as mosquitoes Aedes spp. and Coquilletidia spp. transmitted to humans and horses. There is little overlap with WEEV EEEV in its US distribution However, EEEV and WEEV are enzootic in Central and South America. Reservorio birds.
      • Fort Morgan, Virus .... Western Equine Encephalitis species complex virus.
      • Getah, Virus .... Ross River virus subtype.
      • Highlands J virus .... Western Equine Encephalitis species complex virus.
      • Igbo-Ora, Virus .... Nigeria. O'nyong'nyong virus subtype is considered.
      • Kyzylagach, Virus .... Complex species Western Equine Encephalitis vírus.
      • MAYV: Mayaro fever virus (MAYV: Mayaro virus). Mosquitos Haemagogus spp. (Haemogogus janthinomys) forest canopy; There are some descriptions of adaptation to peridomestic mosquito (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus) - South America (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, French Guiana, Haiti, Surinam); some cases imported from other countries. First reported in Trinidad on 5 um affected forestry workers acute febrile process. Most cases are sporadic but outbreaks occur in populations wooded areas; workers in these areas. There have been sporadic cases in tourists who have visited endemic areas. Primates reservoir (found some infected birds are considered secondary hosts) and people. The process is characterized by fever with headache, myalgia, maculopapular exantrema and incapacitating arthalgias may persist months.
      • Me Tri, Virus .... Semliki Forest virus subtype.
      • Middelburg, Virus ....
      • Ndumu, Virus ....
      • Ockelbo, Virus .... Complex species Western Equine Encephalitis vírus.
      • ONNV: O'Nyong'Nyong Virus (ONNV: o'nyong'nyong virus). Mosquitos - Africa. Primates and people reservoir.
      • RRV: Ross River Virus (RRV: Ross River virus). Australia, South Pacific. Reservoir mammals and people.
      • Sagiyama, Virus .... Ross River virus subtype.
      • SFV: Semliki Forest virus (SFV: Semliki Forest virus). Africa. Reservorio birds.
      • SV: Sindbis Virus (SV: Sindbis virus). Wester species Encephalitis virus Equine complex. Mosquitos - Europe, Africa, Australia. Reservorio birds.
      • UNAV: Virus A (UNAV: A virus). Mosquitos - South America. Primates and people reservoir. Mayaro virus subtype is considered.
      • VEEV: virus Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEEV: Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis): mosquitoes - North, Central and South America. It is a complex group of viruses with 6 antigenic subtypes (I-VI), and subtypes I and III differ in IAB IIIA and IIIC IF. There are some variants like virus found in the Everglades classified as subtype IC IAB or VEE Florida, and virus Bridge Bijou (Bijou Bridge virus) in Colorado (USA) classified as IIIB VEE subtype. Reservoir rodents and horses.
      • Whataroa, Virus .... Western Equine Encephalitis species complex virus.
      • WEEV: equine encephalitis virus West (WEEV: Western Equine Encephalitis virus). Mosquitos - North America. Reservorio birds and mammals.  

The Alphavirus have been subdivided into seven complexes that include each one species and in turn some virus subtypes described would be others.

      1. Barma Forest virus complex: Barma Forest virus species.
      2. Eastern equine encephalitis virus complex: Eastern equine encephalitis virus species, with 7 antigenic types.
      3. Middelburg complex virus: Middelburg virus species. For some it belongs to the complex Semliki Forest virus.
      4. Ndumu complex virus: Ndumu virus species.
      5. Semliki Forest virus complex: Bebaru species; chikungunya; Mayaro (subtype A); O'Nyong'Nyong (subtype Igbo Ora); Ross River (subtypes Bebaru, Getah and Sagiyama); Semliki (virus subtype Me Tri).
      6. Venezuelan Equine Encephalitris complex virus: Cabassou species, Everglades, Mosso das Pedras, Mucambo, Paramana, Pixuna, Rio Black, Trocará (subtype Bijou Bridge), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus.
      7. Western equine encephalitis virus complex: Aura species, Bananki, Kyzylagach, Sindbis, Ockelbo, Whataroa. Recombinant viruses exist in this complex: Buggy Creek, Fort Morgan, Hihglands J and Western equine encephalitis.

Bunyaviruses and Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae)

They are a broad group of arthropod - borne viruses, whose characteristics being virus covered with RNA ss (single - stranded) of negative polarity (the RNA does not act as messenger RNA), and its genome is divided into three segments (L, M, S).

Many of them produce asymptomatic infections, and others lead to a disease whose clinical characteristics are variable and can lead to a fever or not accompanied by rash and arthralgia, or a serious condition that can be life threatening as is encephalitis or hemorrhagic fever.

Bunyaviridae leading producers of human diseases, their arthropod vectors and their preferred places of endemicity are:

Phlebovirus:

 

      • Virus fever Phlebotomus Sicily (SFSV: Sandfly Sicilian virus).   Phlebotomus - Mediterranean Basin.
      • Virus fever Phlebotomus Naples (SFNV: Sandfly Naple virus). Phlebotomus - Mediterranean Basin.
      • Virus fever Phlebotomus Tuscany (TOSV: Sandfly Toscana virus). Phlebotomus - Mediterranean Basin.

Bunyavirus:

 

      • Virus Rift Valley fever. Mosquitos - Africa.
      • California encephalitis virus. Mosquitos - North America.
      • Oropuche virus. Mosquitos - South America.

Orbivirus (Family Reoviridae)

They are a broad group of arthropod - borne viruses, whose characteristics being covered virus, ss RNA (single stranded).

Many of them produce asymptomatic infections, and others lead to a disease whose clinical characteristics are variable and can lead to a fever or not accompanied by rash and arthralgia, or a serious condition that can be life threatening as is encephalitis or a hemorrhagic fever.

Orbivirus leading producers of human diseases, their arthropod vectors and their preferred places of endemicity are:

      • Virus Colorado tick fever. Ticks - North America.