Instituto Valenciano de Microbiología
(IVAMI)

Masía El Romeral
Ctra. de Bétera a San Antonio Km. 0.3
46117 Bétera (Valencia)
Phone. 96 169 17 02
Fax 96 169 16 37
Email: 
www.ivami.com
CIF B-96337217

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Avian Paramyxovirus types 1 to 11: Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
 
Information 05-05-2014.

The avian paramyxoviruses (Avian Paramycxovirus) include a group of viruses included in the Paramyvoxiridae Family, Genus Avulavirus, with 11 different types, to date, for its antigenicity (serotypes), or by phylogenetic studies: avian paramyxovirus type 1 (Avian Paramyxovirus APMV- 1; Newcastle disease virus); Paramyxovirus Avian type 2 (APMV-2); Paramyxovirus Avian type 3 (APMV-3); Paramyxovirus Avian type 4 (APMV-4); Paramyxovirus Avian type 5 (APMV-5); Paramyxovirus Avian type 6 (APMV-6); Paramyxovirus Avian type 7 (APMV-7); Paramyxovirus Avian type 8 (APMV-8); Paramyxovirus Avian type 9 (APMV-9); Paramyxovirus Avian type 10 (APMV-10); Avian paramyxovirus type 11 (APMV-11).
    
The disease virus (NDV: Newcastle disease virus) is caused by virulent strains of avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1). This disease, since its description in 1926, is endemic in many countries, and for prevention vaccination is done in almost every country in which makes raising chickens on a commercial scale. There is great variation in strains of this virus, which made grouping on 5 pathotypes, according to clinical signs found in infected chickens: 1) Vicerotrópicas velogenic (highly pathogenic form often causing intestinal bleeding lesions); 2) Neutrópicas velogenic (causing high mortality after the manifestation of respiratory and neurological signs); 3) mesogenic (form with respiratory signs, and sometimes neurological, but low mortality); 4) lentogenic or respiratory (form with mild respiratory infection or subclinical); 5) Asymptomatic enteric (subclinical form of enteric infection).

This pathogenetic grouping is rare Pathotype distinct is present in the clinic, and infected birds often have overlapping clinical manifestations. Moreover, it may happen that mild clinical signs due to a little virulent strain, exacerbation when there superinfection other pathogen, or when there are adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, clinical signs, by themselves, are not the basis for diagnosis.

Virus Newcastle disease is a human pathogen. In people most frequent manifestation, and almost unique, it is conjunctivitis. It is appearing after 24 hours of exposure, with a short duration of the manifestations (1-2 days). Conjunctivitis, unilateral or bilateral, manifested by redness, tearing, eyelid edema, conjunctivitis, and subconjunctival hemorrhage. This ocular involvement is transient and does not affect the cornea. There is reported a strain of pigeons APMV-1 isolated from lung tissue, urine and feces of an immunocompromised patient who died of pneumonia case.

Other avian paramyxoviruses, their hosts and the problems caused

Other types of avian paramyxovirus found in other birds, as set forth below:

  • APMV-2 (strain type APMV-2 / chicken / California / Yucaipa / 56), usually found in turkeys and pasarinos, although sometimes in chickens, and Psittacines, causing mild respiratory disease or problems in egg production, and sometimes serious illness if there exacerbations caused by other agents.
  • APMV-3 turkeys (type strain APMV-3 / turkey / Wisconsin / 68), found in turkeys, which causes mild respiratory infection, and significant effect on egg production, exacerbated by coinfection other agents, or environmental conditions.
  • APMV-3 psittacine (type strain APMV-3 / parakeet / Netherlands / 449/75), and found in psittacine pasarinos without affecting chickens.
  • APMV-4 (type strain APMV-4 / duck / Hong Kong / 03/75), found in ducks, and geese, which have not found clinical manifestations.
  • APMV-5 (APMV-type strain 5 / budgerigar / Japan / Kunitachi / 74), found in budgerigars and parakeets, without affecting chickens.
  • APMV-6 (strain APMV-6 type / duck / Hong Kong / 199/77), found in turkeys, geese, turkeys and "rails", which causes mild respiratory disease, and slight increase of mortality in turkeys, but without disease in ducks and geese.
  • APMV-7 (type strain APMV-7 / dove / Tennessee / 4/75), found in pigeons, turkeys and ostriches and causing mild respiratory infection in turkeys.
  • APMV-8 (type strain APMV-8 / goose / Delaware / 1053/76), found in ducks and geese, without affecting chickens.
  • APMV-9 (type strain APMV-9 / domestic duck / New York / 22/78), found in ducks, without clinical manifestations.