Clinical Microbiology

  1. Submission form to order Clinical Microbiology tests.
  2. Samples for Clinical Microbiology testing.
  3. Acanthamoeba spp. - Amoebic keratitis and granulomatous amoebic Encephalitis (GAE): Microscopic exam; Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (Real-time PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  4. Acanthocheilonema reconditum - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  5. Acari human parasites (See Demodex folliculorum and/or Sarcoptes scabiei).
  6. Achromobacter spp. y Achromobacter xylosoxidans: Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing)..
  7. Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) - (see Mycobacteria).
  8. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  9. Actinomyces israelii - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  10. Actinomyces naeslundii - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  11. Actinomyces spp.: Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing)..
  12. Actinomyces viscosus - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  13. Actopobium spp.: Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  14. Adenovirus (Enteric Adenovirus: serotypes 40 and 41) - Antigen in stools.
  15. Adenovirus, Influenza, Parainfluenza and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - (see Respiratory viruses).
  16. Aerobic bacteria: Isolation in aerobic culture; Molecular identification (sequencing); Antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
  17. Aeromonas spp. - Emerging pathogens associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases: Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  18. African tick bites fever (ATBF) by Rickettsia africae - (see Rickettsia spp.).
  19. Agglutination - Brucella spp. and SAlmonella spp. (see Brucella spp.; or Salmonella spp.
  20. Aichivirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  21. Alicyclobacillus spp.; Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  22. Alphavirus (Arbovirus, Togaviridae): Molecular diagnosis of Alphavirus (RT-PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  23. Amebiasis - (see Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii).
  24. Aminoglycosides resistance ((aac(3)-I; aac(3)-II; aac(3)-II/VI; aac(6´)-Ib; aac(6´)-II; aac(6)-II/Ib; ant(2´´)-Ia; ant(3´´)-Ia; aph(3´)-IIa; aph(3´)-VI; rmtA(3); rmtB; rmtC; rmtD; arm; nmpA genes)
  25. Anaerobic obligate bacteria (estrict anaerobic bacteria): Isolation in culture (see: Cultures).
  26. Anaerobic strict bacteria: Isolation in anaerobic culture; Molecular identification (sequencing); Antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
  27. Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Formerly Ehrlichia phagocytophila - Human Anaplasmosis (Human granulocytic anaplasmosis, Tick-borne fever; Pasture fever) - Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  28. Ancylostoma spp. (A. caninum, A. braziliensis, A. ceylanicum, A. duodenales, A. tubaeforme) (Necator americanus): Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  29. Anellovirus II (Torque Teno -TTV- virus, virus TTMDV - Torque Teno Midi and TTMV - Mini Torque Teno virus -) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification by sequencing.
  30. Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Angiostrongylus vasorum: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  31. Anisakis spp. - Macroscopic and microscopic exam; Molecular identification of species by sequencing.
  32. Anogenital warts (Papillomavirus -HPV: Human Papillomavirus): Molecular diagnosis (PCR)
  33. Antibiogram for usual and special bacteria - Disc difusion; Agar dilution MIC; Microdilution MIC.
  34. Antibiotics - Potency quantification of antibiotics : Turbidimetric (tube) method or diffusion (cylinder-plate or plate) method, according to USP (United States Pharmacopeia).
  35. Antifungigram - (see Fungi).
  36. Antimicrobials - Phenotypic and genotypic resistance tests (any in vitro growing bacteria and any available antibimicrobial).
  37. Aphthovirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  38. Arbovirus (Arthropod Borne Virus) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing); Type specific antibodies by neutralization for Chikungunya virus, Mayaro, Zika, West Nile (for others consult).
  39. Arcanobacterium haemolyticum (formerly Corynebacterium haemolyticum): Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  40. Arcobacter spp.: Interest for human and animal pathology and in contamination sources (water and food from animal origin) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  41. Arenavirus: see Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis virus -LCMV-.
  42. Arthropods: Molecular identification (sequencing).
  43. Ascaris lumbricoides - Microscopic exam for eggs in stools IgG antibodies.
  44. Aseptic meningitis - Enterovirus; Herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2; Varicella-Zoster virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; JC virus; Arbovirus; Leptospira interrogans - (see each etiological agent).
  45. Asian Taenia - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  46. Aspergillus spp. (A. fumigatus, A. flavus, A. terreus, A. glaucus): Galactomannan antigen; Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing); Genetic comparative typing (microsatellites; RA
  47. Astrovirus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  48. Atopobium vaginae: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  49. Atypical Respiratory Serology - Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Coxiella burnetii and Legionella pneumophila (see in each agent).
  50. Aura virus: (see Alphavirus, Togaviridae).
  51. Avian influenza A - (see Influenza A H5N1 and H7N9).
  52. Babauki, Virus ..., (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  53. Babesia spp. (Babesia microti, B. bovis, B. divergens): Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (sequencing).
  54. Bacillus anthracis - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  55. Bacillus cereus: Isolation in culture; Molecular identification (sequencing); Molecular diagnosis of toxin genes (emetic toxin-cerulide (gen ces); cytotoxin K (gen cytK), Hemolytic toxin HBL (gen hblc); enterotoxin FM (gen EntFM); enterotoxin T (gen
  56. Bacillus claussi: Isolation in culture; Molecular identification (sequencing); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  57. Bacillus subtilis (group of Bacillus subtilis species complex): Isolation in culture; Molecular species identification (sequencing); Toxin detection.
  58. Bacterial and fungal infections in samples without normal flora – Rapid diagnosis through 16S rRNA or 18S-ITS1 genes and ITS2 genes, respectively: Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  59. Bacterial arthritis - Etiology: Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  60. Bacterial meningitis in adults over 50 years and in immunocompromised - Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes and gram-negative bacilli.
  61. Bacterial meningitis in adults under 50 years - Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  62. Bacterial meningitis in children - Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b.
  63. Bacterial meningitis in head trauma, drainage reservoir, immunosuppressed ..., - (Staphylococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Gram-negative bacilli, Propionibacterium acnes, coryneform bacteria, ....
  64. Bacterial meningitis in preterm born - Streptococcus agalactiae (group B), Escherichia coli K1 and Listeria monocytogenes.
  65. Bacterias, without specification: Isolation in aerobic and anaerobic culture; Molecular identification (sequencing); Antimicrobial susceptibility tests.
  66. Bacteroides fragilis: Molecular diagnosis of enterotoxin production (PCR).
  67. Baker-Rosenbach Erysipeloid - (see Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae).
  68. Balamuthia mandrillaris (Granulomatous amoebic encephalitis): Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  69. Barmah Forest Virus (BFV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  70. Bartonella henselae - IgG antibodies; IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  71. Bartonella quintana: IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  72. Bartonella spp. (B henselae, B. quintana, B. clarridgiae, B. elisabethae, B. vinsonii, B. bacilliformis): Molecular diagnosis (Real-time PCR); Species molecular identification (sequencing).
  73. Bebaru Virus: see Alphavirus, Togaviridae.
  74. Beta-lactamases (Chromosomal AmpC; Extended Spectrum ESBLs; A, B, C and D classes Carbapenemases; Metallobetalactamases) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR) and typing by sequencing.
  75. BK virus (Polyomavirus): Isolation in cell culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  76. Blastocystis spp., Blastocystis hominis: Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Subtypes identification (PCR and sequencing).
  77. Blastomyces dermatitidis: Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  78. Blood culture.
  79. Bocavirus: Molecular diagnosis (rt-PCR).
  80. Body odor, sweating and bacteria involved.
  81. Bordetella holmesii: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  82. Bordetella parapertussis: IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  83. Bordetella pertussis: IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  84. Bornavirus: Neurotropic virus with interest for human and animal pathology:- Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  85. Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and B. burgdorferi sensu lato (Lyme disease) - IgG and IgM antibodies; IgG and IgM specific antibodies (Wester-blot); Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  86. Borrelia recurrentis (Epidemic Relapsing Fever - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  87. Borrelia spp. Endemic Relapsing fever (B.duttoni, B.hispanica, B.hermsi, B.parkeri, B.venezualensis, B.persica, B.turicatae, B.caucasica, B.mazzoti, B.crucidarae,... ) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  88. Botulism - (see Clostridium botulinum in the Clostridium botulinum especific Area.
  89. Brachyspira spp. - Human intestinal spyrochaetosis: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  90. Brucella spp. - Total, IgM and IgG antibodies; Complete and incomplete antibodies; Rose Bengal test; Coombs test; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  91. Brugia malayi - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  92. Brugia timori - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  93. Buggy Creek virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) (see Arbovirus).
  94. Burkholderia cepacia complex: Opportunistic pathogens in patients with cystic fibrosis - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  95. Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  96. Calicivirus (Norwalk and related viruses) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Identification by sequencing.
  97. California Encephalitis virus (Bunyavirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  98. Campylobacter jejuni, C. laridis, C. coli - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  99. Campylobacter rectus - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  100. Candida - Antigen (mannan) Detection ...; Antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  101. Candida spp. - Genotyping: Genotype determination (A, B, C, D or E); ALT sequences in RPS genomic region; Microsatellites; MLST (Multilocus Sequencing Typing).
  102. Capillaria philippinensis: Microscopic exam and molecular identification (sequencing); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  103. Capsular antigens from bacteria: Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Group B Streptococcus and Neisseria meningitidis (A, B, C, W, Y).
  104. Carbapenemases class A, B, C and D - (see Beta-lactamases).
  105. Cardiovirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  106. Cat scratch disease - (see Bartonella henselae).
  107. Cervicitis (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  108. Chagas´ disease - (see Trypanosoma cruzi).
  109. Chikungunya Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) (Arbovirus) - IgM and IgG antibodies; Type specific antibodies by neutralization; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing).
  110. Chlamydia trachomatis - Culture; Total, IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification of serotypes (PCR and sequencing).
  111. Chlamydophila pneumoniae - Culture; Total, IgA; IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  112. Chlamydophila psittaci - IgM, IgG and total antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  113. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). Consideration on its infectious etiology.
  114. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Relation with mycoplasmas in blood (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma penetrans): Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  115. Cladosporium spp. - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  116. Clostridium botulinum: Detection of anti-botulinum toxin antibodies in serum or plasma, using neutralization reference test in mice.
  117. Clostridium botulinum - Culture; Detection of toxin; Detection of antitoxin A, B and C; Molecular detection of toxin genes by PCR; Bacterial load by Real-Time PCR (see specific area of Clostridium botulinum.
  118. Clostridium difficile - Culture; Cytotoxin detection in cell culture; Toxin genes A, B and binary toxin (PCR); Gene deletions tcdC (hypervirulent strains); Ribotyping (hypervirulent strains NAP1/BI/027 and others).
  119. Clostridium perfringens: Interest in human and animal pathology - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification (PCR and sequencing); Molecular diagnosis of enterotoxin, phospholipase C, beta, epsilon, and iota codifying genes (PCR).
  120. Clostridium tetani - Toxin detection (experimental inoculation and neutralization test); IgG antidodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  121. CMV - (see Cytomegalovirus).
  122. Coccidioides immitis - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  123. Colorado Tick Fever Virus (Orbivirus) - (see Arbovirus).
  124. Comparison of microorganisms - Molecular comparison of bacteria and fungi using 6 to 8 loci.
  125. Coombs test - (see Brucella).
  126. Coproculture - (see Stool cultures).
  127. Coronavirus MERS (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing).
  128. Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 Coronavirus) - Neutralizing protecting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) specific anibodies: neutralizing antibodies by microneutralization test.
  129. Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19; 2019nCoV; Wuhan Coronavirus): Molecular diagnosis (Real time RT-PCR).
  130. Corynebacteria - (see Corynebacterium).
  131. Corynebacterium diphtheriae - Culture; Detection of toxigenic strains; IgG antibodies; Antitoxin antibodies (neutralization test in guinea pigs); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  132. Corynebacterium spp. (C. jeikeium, C. urealyticum, C. striatum, C. pseudotuberculosis, C. pyogenes, C. pseudodiphtheriticum, etc ...,) - Culture; Antimicrobial susceptibility; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  133. Cosavirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  134. Cowpox (CPXV) - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  135. Coxiella burnetii (Q fever): Interest in human and animal pathology and in environmental contamination - IgM, IgA, IgG and total antibodies (ELISA); Phase I and II antibodies (Immunofluorescence); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  136. Coxsackie A (currently types of Enterovirus A species or Enterovirus B species) - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  137. Coxsackie B (currently types of Enterovirus B species) - (see Picornaviridae - Picornaviruses).
  138. Coxsackievirus (currently types of Enterovirus) - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  139. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  140. Cultures - Any kind of culture for bacteria, fungi, viruses, or protozoa that can grow in culture.
  141. Cryptococcus neoformans - Microscopic exam; Antigen (qualitative or quantification); Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  142. Cryptosporidium spp. - Microscopic exam; Stool antigen; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  143. Cutaneous Larva Migrans (see Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliensis in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area).
  144. Cyclospora cayetanensis - Molecular diagnosis (PCR) (see Cyclospora.cayetanensis in the Plant Microbiology area).
  145. Cysticercosis - (see Taenia solium).
  146. Cytomegalovirus - Antigenemia; Pp65 antigen; Culture (shell vial), IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Viral load; Resistance mutations (PCR and sequencing).
  147. Dengue Virus (seotypes 1 to 4) - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Serotypes identification (RT-PCR and sequencing).
  148. Dermatophytes fungi - Microscopic exam; Culture; Species identification (sequencing); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  149. Dientamoeba fragilis - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  150. Diphyllobothrium spp. (Diphyllobothriasis): Pathogenesis and species - Parasitological diagnosis; Molecular identification of species.
  151. Dirofilaria repens - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  152. Donovanosis / Granuloma inguinale (Klebsiella granulomatis, previously Calymmatobacterium granulomatis) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  153. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  154. Ebola Virus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR and sequencing).
  155. EBV - (see Epstein-Barr virus).
  156. Echinococcus granulosus: Etiological agent of echinococcosis or cystic hydatidosis - IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  157. Echinococcus multilocularis (Alveolar Hydatidosis) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  158. Echovirus (currently types of Enterovirus B species) - (see Picornaviridae - Picornaviruses).
  159. Ehrlichia spp.: Ehrlichia ewingii(granulocytic ehrlichiosis);Ehrlichia phagocytophila(granulocytic ehrlichiosis); Ehrlichia chaffeensis(monocytic ehrlichiosis)-Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  160. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon hellen, Encephalitozoon intestinalis (see Encephalitozoon cuniculi in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area).
  161. Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Encephalitozoon intestinalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi (see Microsporidium - Microsporidia..
  162. Encephalitozoonosis - (see Encephalitozoon cuniculi in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area).
  163. Encephalomyocarditis virus (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus) .
  164. Endemic relapsing fever transmitted by soft ticks (Ornithodorus spp.) - (see Borrelia spp. producing endemic relapsing fever).
  165. Endotoxins - Quantitative Chromogenic LAL Test.
  166. Entamoeba dispar - (see Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii).
  167. Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba moshkovskii - IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  168. Enterobius vermicularis - Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  169. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (Microsporidiosis) - (see Enterocytozoon bieneusi in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area).
  170. Enterocytozoon bieneusi (See Microsporidium - Microsporidia).
  171. Enterovirus (currently types of Enterovirus A, B, D or J species) - (See Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  172. Epidemic Relapsing Fever (Lice-borne) - (see Borrelia recurrentis).
  173. Epididymitis (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis) - Molecular detection (PCR).
  174. Epstein-Barr virus - Anti-EA IgG and IgM antibodies; Anti-EBNA IgG, IgM; Anti-VCA IgG, IgM; Heterophile antibodies; IgG avidity antibodies to VCA; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Viral load; EBV types 1 and 2.
  175. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Baker-Rosenbach erysipeloid; Pig erysipela; Swine erysipela): Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR)
  176. Erythrovirus B19 - (see Parvovirus B19).
  177. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAggEC) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  178. Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (O157: H7 and others) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (stx1 and stx2 genes).
  179. Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli - Culture; Cell invasion; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  180. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli - Molecular diagnosis for thermolabile and thermostable toxin (PCR).
  181. Escherichia coli k1 - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  182. Escherichia coli - Main enteropathogenic virotypes (ETEC, EPEC, EaggEC-EAEC, EIEC, EHEC and DAEC; Escherichia coli K1: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  183. Escherichia coli producing shigatoxin (STEC) - Determination of serogroup-O and Serotype-H: Molecular identification (PCR).
  184. Escherichia coli: Resistance mutations to antimicrobials (β-lactams, quinolones, TMP-SMX, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, ...)
  185. Fasciola hepatica - Antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  186. Filaria - Filariasis: Clinical syndromes, Species and diagnostic tests - Microscopic exam; Total antibody (antigen of Acanthocheilonema vitae); Molecular diagnostics (PCR), Species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  187. Flu - (see Influenza A, Influenza B or Influenza A and B).
  188. Flukes - (see Fasciola hepatica).
  189. Fort Morgan Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  190. Francisella tularensis (Tularemia) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  191. Free-living amoeba (See Acanthamoeba spp. and Naegleria spp.).
  192. FTA-ABS - (see Treponema pallidum).
  193. Fungal infections in bone marrow transplant patients - Etiology: Conventional microbiological tests; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Species identification (sequencing).
  194. Fungal meningitis / meningoencephalitis: Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida spp. and in cases of exotic mycosis (Histoplasma, Coccidioides, Blastomyces).
  195. Fungi - Microscopic exam; Culture; Antifungigram for yeast and filamentous fungi; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification by sequencing.
  196. Fusarium spp. (F. solani, F. oxysporum, F. verticilloides, F. chlamydosporum, F. sacchari, and other species): Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Species molecular identification (sequencing).
  197. Galactomannan antigen: (see Aspergillus spp.).
  198. Gardnerella vaginalis - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  199. Genital Mycoplasma spp.(Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification of species (sequencing).
  200. Genital ulcers (Treponema pallidum, Haemophilus ducreyi, Chlamydia trachomatis LGV types 1, 2 and 3) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  201. Genitourinary mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum) - Antimicrobial resistance: Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  202. Genotypic resistance to antimicrobials - Any antimicrobial (PCR and sequencing).
  203. Getah Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  204. Giardia duodenalis (Giardia lamblia) - Microscopic exam; Antigen detection; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  205. Glucan (1-3-β-D-glucan - 1-3) β-D glucan detection.
  206. Gnathostoma spinigerum, G. hispidum, G. doloresi, G. nipponicum: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  207. Graham technique - Microscopic exam.
  208. Gram staining - Microscopic exam.
  209. Group B Streptococcus - (see Streptococcus agalactiae group B).
  210. HACEK Bacteria: Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR)
  211. Haemophilus ducreyi - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  212. Haemophilus influenzae b - Anti-Haemophilus influenzae serogroup b; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  213. Haemophilus influenzae - Antigen typing (serotyping); Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular antigen typing (PCR and sequencing.
  214. Halitosis causing bacteria - (see Periodontitis).
  215. Hantavirus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  216. Haplorchis taichui (see Opisthorchis spp.).
  217. Heartworm - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  218. Helicobacter pylori: genotypic resistance to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, tetracyclines and rifabutin - PCR and sequencing.
  219. Helicobacter pylori: genotyping - PCR and sequencing.
  220. Helicobacter pylori - Stool antigen; Culture; IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  221. Helminths - Microscopic exam; Macroscopic identification; Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  222. Hemorrhagic Fevers viruses - (see each etiologic virus).
  223. Hepatitis A (Hepatovirus) - Total and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Genotyping (PCR and sequencing).
  224. Hepatitis B - HBs antigen (quantitafication and confirmation); HBeAg; Anti-HBc, anti-HBe and anti-HBc IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Viral load; Genotype; Resistance mutations.
  225. Hepatitis B virus – Drug resistance mutations: Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  226. Hepatitis C Virus: Comparison of genomic sequences of hepatitis C virus in plasma samples - PCR and sequencing of several genomic regions; Phylogenetic analysis.
  227. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in dialysis fluids - Viral load; Molecular diagnosis (rt-RT-PCR).
  228. Hepatitis C virus - Total and IgM antibodies; Immunoblot (WB); Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Viral load; Genotyping; Q80K polymorphism and IL-8 genetic; Resistance to protease inhibitors (NS3/4A), NS5A inhibitors and polymerase inhibitors (NS3)
  229. Hepatitis D (delta) virus genotyping: Relationship with the geographical origin and the clinical course of the disease - Antigen; Total and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Genotyping HDV-1 to HDV-8 (RT-PCR and sequencing)
  230. Hepatitis E virus - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Genotyping HDV-1 to HDV-8 (RT-PCR and sequencing).
  231. Hepatitis G virus - Molecular diagnosis 5´-UTR and NS3 region (RT-PCR).
  232. Hepatovirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  233. Herpes simplex 1 and / or 2 - Anti-HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  234. Herpes simplex virus: Resistance to acyclovir, penciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir and adefovir (UL23-UL30 -timidinaquinasa and DNA-polymerase- genes) - Genotypic tests (PCR and sequencing) and phenotypic (culture and IC50).
  235. Herpesvirus type 6 - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Viral Load.
  236. Herpesvirus type 6 - Viral load.
  237. Herpesvirus type 7 - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  238. Heterophile antibodies (mononucleosis) - (see Epstein-Barr Virus).
  239. HHV-6 - (see Herpesvirus type 6).
  240. HHV-7 - (see Herpesvirus type 7).
  241. HHV-8 - (see Herpesvirus type 8).
  242. Highlands J Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) (see Arbovirus).
  243. Histoplasma capsulatum - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  244. HIV-1: Viral RNA and Proviral DNA; Viral load; Total antibodies and WB confirmation; Resistance mutations to transcriptase, protease, integrase and fusion inhibitors; Tropism.
  245. HIV-2. Genotypic resistance to protease (PI), Nucleoside/Nucleotides reverse transcriptase (NRTIs); Non-nucleosides reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs); Integrase (INSTIs) and Fusion (FIs) inhibitores.
  246. HIV-2 - Human Immunodeficiency virus type 2 viral load.
  247. HIV-2 - Viral RNA and Proviral DNA; Antibodies by immunoblot (WB); Genotypic resistance to Reverse transcriptase (NRTI), protease (PI) and Integrase inhibitors.
  248. Hookworm: see Ancylostoma spp. - Necator americanus.
  249. HPV - (see Papillomavirus).
  250. HTLV-III (HTLV III new, different from initial naming of HIV virus) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  251. Human genetics - Molecular genetic diagnosis tests (see each disease in the specific Human gene mutations Area).
  252. Human Herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) - IgM and IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  253. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) – Quantification of mRNA expression from E6 and E7 oncogenes: Quantitative real time RT-PCR (RT-rt qPCR).
  254. Human T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and -2) - Antibodies; Antibodies confirmation test; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Proviral DNA (PCR).
  255. Hydatidosis - (see Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis).
  256. Hymenolepis diminuta, Hymenolepis nana: Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  257. Identification of microorganisms and organisms: Aerobic or Anaerobic bacteria; Mycobacteria; Fungi; Protozoa; Helminths; Arthropods including insects; Mamifers; Birds, etc. - PCR and sequencing.
  258. Igbo-Ora Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  259. Ilheus virus (ILHV) (Flaviviridae, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  260. infections and diseases caused by pet birds (Zoonoses in pet birds): microorganisms involved, impaired persons and microbiological diagnosis in IVAMI (see each agent in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area).
  261. Influenza A and B seasonal - Virus culture; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  262. Influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 (new virus) - Culture; Specific type antibodies (Neutralization test); Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Typing by sequencing; Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors (sequencing).
  263. Influenza A H5N1 - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  264. Influenza A H7N9 - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  265. Influenza A seasonal (Influenza A H1N1, H3N2, H5N1, H7N9 or others) - IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies; Antigen In respiratory secretions; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  266. Influenza B seasonal - IgA, IgG and IgM antibodies; Antigen in respiratory secretions; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  267. Intestinal Protozoa (Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum / Cryptosporidium hominis, Entamoeba histolytica, Dientamoeba fragilis) - Combined test by real-time PCR (rt-PCR).
  268. Isospora belli (Cystoisospora belli - Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  269. Japanese Encephalitis virus (JEV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  270. JC virus (Polyomavirus Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  271. Kingella kingae - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR for toxin).
  272. Klebsiella granulomatis (Donovanosis) - (see Donovanosis - Granuloma inguinale).
  273. Klebsiella pneumoniae, magA, rpmA, wzcK1 and wzcK2 genes - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  274. Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. rhinoscleromatis - Rhinoscleroma etiology - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification (PCR and sequencing).
  275. Kobuvirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  276. Kunjin Virus (KUNV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  277. Kyasanur Forest Disease Virus (KFDV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  278. Kyzylagach Virus ( Alphavirus, Togaviridae ) - (see Arbovirus).
  279. LAL (Quantitative chromogenic LAL test) (see Endotoxins).
  280. Legionella pneumophila - Epidemiological molecular comparison of strains (7 genes: flaA, pilE, asd, mip, mompS, proA and/or neuA): Molecular amplification (PCR) and sequencing.
  281. Legionella pneumophila - Total, IgG and IgM antibodies; Antigen in urine; Culture from respiratory or environmental samples; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification of other Legionella species.
  282. Leishmania spp.: Leishmaniosis in humans and dogs – Molecular diagnosis (Real-time PCR); Species identification (PCR and sequencing); Antibodies.
  283. Leptospira interrogans and its serovars icterohaemorragiae, hebdomadis, autumnalis, canicola, hyos, bataviae javanica, pomona, ballum,grypothyphosa,panama,hardjo,celledoni..)-Culture;MAT antibodies;Molecular diagnosis;Identification
  284. Listeria monocytogenes - Control of Listeria monocytogenes asymptomatic infection in pregnant women.
  285. Listeria monocytogenes - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular serotyping (1/2a, 1/2b, 1/2c, 3a, 3b, 3c and 4b).
  286. Liver flukes - (see Fasciola hepatica).
  287. Loa loa (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  288. Lues - (see Treponema pallidum).
  289. Lyme disease - (see Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato).
  290. Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  291. Lymphogranuloma venereum: (Chlamydia trachomatis LGV types 1, 2 and 3) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  292. Malaria - (see Plasmodium spp.).
  293. Malassezia furfur (Pityriasis versicolor) and Malassezia spp. - Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification of species (PCR and sequencing).
  294. Malassezia pachydermatis and other Malassezia spp.: Antifungal susceptibility testing (see Malassezia pachydermatis and other Malassezia species in the Molecular Veterinary Microbiology Area.
  295. Mannan antigen: (see Candida spp.).
  296. Mansonella ozzardi - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  297. Mansonella perstans - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  298. Mansonella streptocerca - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  299. Marburg Virus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  300. Mayaro Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae - (see Arbovirus).
  301. Measles - Culture; IgG and IgM antibodies; Specific antibodies quantification by neutralization assay; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  302. Measles virus - Identification of wild and vaccine strains and genotyping through H (hemagglutinin) and N (neuraminidase) genes: Molecular identification (sequencing).
  303. Mediterranean spotted fever - (see Rickettsia spp.)
  304. Melioidosis - (see Burkholderia pseudomallei).
  305. Meningitis / viral meningoencephalitis - Enterovirus; Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2; Varicella-Zoster virus; Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; JC virus; Arboviruses.
  306. Metallo-beta-lactamases - (see Beta-lactamases).
  307. Metapneumovirus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  308. Microsporidium - Microsporidia (Encephalitozoon spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi and other genera): Molecular diagnosis; Species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  309. Middelburg Virus (Alphavirus,Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  310. Molecular diagnosis (PCR, RT-PCR, real Time PCR , real time vRT-PCR ) - (see each microorganism).
  311. Molluscum contagiosum virus in clinical samples, pool water and other shared water systems - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  312. Monkeypox virus (MPXV) - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  313. Mononucleosis - (see Epstein-Barr virus).
  314. Morganella morganii - Culture; Identification.
  315. Mucormycosis - (see Zygomycetes).
  316. Mumps - (see Mumps virus).
  317. Mumps virus - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  318. Murray Valley Encephalitis Virus (MUEV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  319. Mycobacteria - Microscopic exam; Culture (LJ); MGIT culture system; Conventional susceptibility test for first, second and third line drugs; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Resistance mutations; Molecular identification.
  320. Mycobacterium abscessus-Mycobacterium chelonae complex: Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Macrolides resistance mutations -erm(41); rrl- genes; Aminoglycosides resistance mutations -rrs<{/I> gene- (sequencing).
  321. Mycobacterium avium - (see Mycobacteria).
  322. Mycobacterium bovis: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  323. Mycobacterium immunogenum (Mycobacteium chelonae Mycobacterium abscessus complex): Implications in the metallurgical and related industries, and hospital infections - Culture;Qualitative or quantitative rt-PCR;Molecular identification
  324. Mycobacterium leprae (Lepra) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  325. Mycobacterium marinum - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  326. Mycobacterium spp. - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  327. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Antimicrobial susceptibility tests; Resistance mutations (amplification and sequencing of rpoB, katG, mabA, embB, pncA, rpsL, rrs, gyrA and tlyA genes).
  328. Mycoplasma contaminants in cell cultures - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  329. Mycoplasma fermentans: Respiratory and genitourinary tract infections - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  330. Mycoplasma genitalium: Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Resistance to macrolides and quinolones (sequencing).
  331. Mycoplasma hominis - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  332. Mycoplasma penetrans: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  333. Mycoplasma pneumoniae - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  334. Mycoplasmas - (see species: Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Mycoplasma pneumoniae).
  335. Naegleria spp. - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  336. Ndumu Virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  337. Neisseria gonorrhoeae - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  338. Neisseria meningitidis - Anti-Neisseria meningitidis serogroups A + C and serogroup C; Bactericidal antibodies serogroups A, B, C, Y and W135 (SBA: Serum bactericidal Antibody); Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  339. Newcastle disease virus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  340. Nipah virus - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  341. Nocardia - Total antibodies; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Identification of species (sequencing).
  342. Norovirus - Molecular diagnosis (rt-RTPCR); type identification by sequencing (see Norovirus and Sapovirus in the Food Microbiology Area).
  343. Norwalk and related viruses - (see Norovirus).
  344. Nucleic acid sequencing - Any application for identification of species of microorganisms; Molecular comparison of microorganisms; Resistance mutations; Mutations of genetic diseases.
  345. O´Nyong-Nyong Virus (ONNV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  346. Ockelbo virus ( Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  347. Odor feet (smelly feet): bacteria involved and control measures.
  348. Omsk Hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  349. Onchocerca volvulus - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  350. Onychomycosis (Tinea unguium) - Etiologic fungi: Culture; Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  351. Opisthorchis spp. (O viverrini, O. felineus) - Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification (PCR and sequencing).
  352. Orf virus (ORFV) - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  353. Oropuche Virus (Bunyavirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  354. Papillomavirus - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Papillomavirus typing (PCR and sequencing.
  355. Papovavirus SV-40 - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  356. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  357. Parainfluenza - IgG and IgM antibodies (Parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3); Antigen in respiratory secretions; Viral culture; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  358. Paramyxovirus: Molecular diagnosis; Molecular identification of species (PCR and sequencing).
  359. Parapoxvirus (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  360. Parasitic meningitis / meningoencephalitis - Toxoplasma gondii, Toxocara canis, Neurocysticercosis, free-living amoebae, Angyostrongylus cantonensis, Gnathostoma spinigerum.
  361. Paravaccinia - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  362. Parechovirus - (see Picornaviridae - Picornavirus).
  363. Pariodontitis causing bacteria (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  364. Parvovirus B19 (Erythrovirus B19) - IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  365. Pasteurella spp. (Pasteurella multocida subsp. multocida and other species) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  366. PCR - (see each microorganism).
  367. Pegivirus: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  368. Pelvic inflammatory disease.
  369. PFGE (Pulse Field Gel electrophoresis): Comparison of strains.
  370. Picornaviridae (; ... ) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Molecular identification.
  371. Plasmodium spp.: Microscopic exam; Total, IgG and IgM antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular species identification and Drug resistance (PCR and sequencing).
  372. Plesiomonas shigelloides – Culture; Identification; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  373. Pneumocystis jirovecci (previously Pneumocystis carinii) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Resistance mutations for the first line treatment (TMP-SMX) (PCR and sequencing).
  374. Poliovirus 1, 2 and 3 (currently Enterovirus C specie serotypes) - Antibodies by neutralization to Poliovirus 1, 2 and 3; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification (sequencing); Antigenic typing.
  375. Polymerase Chain Reaction - (see PCR).
  376. Polyomavirus: See BK virus and JC virus.
  377. Powasan Encephalitis Virus (PEV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  378. Poxvirus of animal origin - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  379. PRA - (see Mycobacteria, Molecular identification PRA).
  380. Prions - Protein PrPsc detection.
  381. Proctitis (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  382. Propionibacterium acnes - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  383. Prostatitis: etiology and diagnosis - Culture; Identification; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  384. Prototheca spp.: Interest in human and animal pathology and in enviromental contamination sources (environmental samples, foods and animal samples - Culture; Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing) (see in the Water Microbiology Area).
  385. Protozoa - Microscopic exam; Culture when possible; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  386. Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  387. Pseudomonas aeruginosa - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  388. Pustular Bovine Stomatitis virus (BPSV) - (see Animal Poxvirus).
  389. Q fever - (see Coxiella burnetii).
  390. Rabies: Diagnosis of infection in any animal or human bites - Virus Isolation (mouse inoculation); Antigen detection (immunofluorescence); Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR); Specific antibodies (neutralization); Genotyping
  391. RAPD (Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA): epidemiological strain comparison.
  392. Resistance to fluoroquinolones - qnrA, gyrA, parC, marR, acrR genes: Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  393. Resistance to glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) in Enterococcus spp. Phenotypes VanA, VanB, vand, and other less frequent (VanC, C2 / 3, E, F, G, L, M) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR and sequencing).
  394. Respiratory Adenovirus: Isolation in cell culture; IgM and IgG antibodies (ELISA); Molecular diagnosis (rt-PCR); Molecular species identification (A to B) (sequencing); Type identification (sequencing).
  395. Respiratory Coronavirus - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  396. Respiratory infections - Antibodies against Adenovirus antibodies, Influenza A and B, Parainflenza 1, 2 and 3; respiratory syncytial virus; Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psittaci; Coxiella burnetii, Legionella pneumophila; Mycoplasma
  397. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) - Total, IgG and IgM antibodies; Antigen in respiratory secretions; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  398. Respiratory Syncytial Virus type A - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  399. Respiratory viruses in secretions - Detection of viral antigens (Influenza A, Influenza B, Parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3, Adenovirus, Respiratory syncitial virus).
  400. Rhinovirus (currently Rhinovirus A, B and C species) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  401. Rickettsia africae - (see Rickettsia spp.).
  402. Rickettsia conorii - (see Rickettsia spp.).
  403. Rickettsia spp: Typhus group(R.prowazekii, R.typhi), spotted fevers group( R.conorii, R.africae, R.slovaca, R.rickettsii, R.sibirica, R.japonica, R.australis, ...), pustular typhus(R.akari)-Culture; Molecular diagnosis (
  404. Rift Valley Fever virus (+/-ssRNA ambisense, -ssRNA segments L y M, +/-ssRNA segment S, Bunyavirales, Phenuiviridae, Phlebovirus): Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  405. Rochalimaea - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  406. Rocio virus (ROCV) (Flaviviridae, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  407. Ross River virus (RRV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  408. Rotavirus - Stool antigen; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  409. RPR - (see Treponema pallidum).
  410. Rubella - IgG and IgM antibodies; IgG antibodies avidity; Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  411. Sagiyama virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  412. Saint Louis Encephalitis virus (SLEV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  413. Salmonella spp. - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular O and H antigens typing; Antibodies to O and H antigens; Molecular strains comparison.
  414. Sandfly Naples virus Fever (SNVF) (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  415. Sandfly Sicilian virus Fever (SFSV) (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arboviruses).
  416. Sandfly Tuscany virus Fever (TOSV) (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  417. Sapovirus - (see Norovirus and Sapovirus in the Food Microbiology Area).
  418. Sarcoptes scabiei – Scabies etiological agent: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  419. Schistosoma spp. - (see Schistosomiasis).
  420. Schistosomiasis (Schistosoma spp.) - IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification of species (PCR and sequencing).
  421. Semliki Forest virus (SFV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  422. Serratia marcescens and Serratia spp.: Isolation in culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR and PCR with sequencing).
  423. Sexually Transmitted Infections / Diseases - Molecular diagnosis (PCR), according to clinical manifestations.
  424. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) - Serogroups: Molecular identification (PCR).
  425. Shigella (Shigella dysenteriae, S. sonnei, S. flexneri, S. boydii) - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Antigenic typing.
  426. Sindbis virus (SV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  427. Sporothrix schenckii - Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  428. Sporotrichosis - (see Sporothrix schenckii).
  429. Staphylococcus aureus - Methicillin resistance; SCCmec, SPA, MSLT typing; TSST-1 and exfoliative toxins (PCR).
  430. Staphylococcus aureus – Panton-Valentine toxin – lukS-PV and lukF-PV genes: Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  431. Staphylococcus pseudointermedius: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  432. Staphylococcus spp., Identification of Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (S. capitis, S. caprae, S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus, S. hominis, S. lugdunensis, S. pasteuri, S. saprophyticus, S. warneri, S. xylosus): Molecular dia
  433. Streptobacillus moniliformis – Rat bite fever; Haverhill fever.
  434. Streptococcus agalactiae group B: Effect on newborns and carrier status in pregnant women - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  435. Streptococcus pneumoniae - Specific types antibodies; opsonofagocytic antibodies; Antigen in urine; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); I>erm and mef genes mutations; Capsular antigen typing (PCR; capsule swelling assay -Quellung-).
  436. Streptococcus pyogenes - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); M protein typing (emm gene; Toxic shock syndrome-like toxin gene; Erythrogenic toxins SpeA, SpeB and SpeC genes.
  437. Streptococcus pyogenes - Species detection in clinical samples: Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  438. Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidiasis) - Microscopic exam; Stools culture (Harada-Mori method or Baermann method); IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  439. Strongyloidiasis - (see Strongyloides stercoralis)
  440. Syphilis - (see Treponema pallidum).
  441. Taenia saginata - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  442. Taenia solium - IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  443. Tetanus - (see Clostridium tetani).
  444. Thelaziosis (Thelazia callipaeda) (See Thelaziosis - Thelazia callipaeda in the Veterinary Molecular Microbiology area).
  445. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) - (see Arbovirus).
  446. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV)) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (See Arbovirus).
  447. Toxocariasis (Visceral larva migrans, Ocular larva migrans, Covert toxocariasis) (Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati) - IgG antibodies; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification (PCR and sequencing).
  448. Toxoplasma gondii - IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies; IgG antibody avidity; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  449. Treponema pallidum - Darkfield microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Reaginic antibodies (RPR and VDRL); Treponemal FTA-ABS IgG and IgM antibodies;
  450. Trichinosis - Trichina (Trichinella spp.) - Diagnosis in animals and food (artificial digestion of tissues and trichinoscopy); Species identification (PCR and sequencing); Diagnosis in infected humans.
  451. Trichomonas vaginalis - Metronidazole (nitroimidazoles) resistance: Molecular identification of resistance mutations (sequencing).
  452. Trichomonas vaginalis - Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  453. Trichuris trichiura: Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  454. Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple´s disease) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  455. Tropical pulmonary Eosinophilia - IgG antibodies against filaria; IgG antibodies for differential diagnosis Schistosoma spp., Strongyloides stercoralis, Ascaris lumbricoides, Toxocara spp. and Basiodiobolus ranarum.
  456. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and T. brucei gambiense - Microscopic exam; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  457. Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas´ disease): IgG and IgM antibodies; Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  458. Trypanosoma rangeli - Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Microscopic exam.
  459. Tularemia - (see Francisella tularensis).
  460. Tuscany virus (Phlebovirus, Bunyaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  461. Una virus (UNAV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  462. Ureaplasma parvum - (see Genital Mycoplasma spp.).
  463. Ureaplasma urealyticum - (see Genital Mycoplasma spp.).
  464. Urethral or vaginal discharge (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  465. Urethritis (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Ureaplasma parvum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  466. Vaccinia virus (VACV) - (see Poxvirus of animal origin).
  467. Vaginitis and vulvovaginitis (Trichomonas vaginalis, Candida albicans) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  468. Vaginosis (Gardnerella vaginalis, Mobiluncus spp.) - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  469. Varicella-Zoster virus - Culture; Total, IgG and IgM antibodies; IgG antibody avidity; Antigen detection; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  470. Variola: Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  471. VDRL - (see Treponema pallidum).
  472. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  473. Vibrio cholerae cholerae classical biotype; Vibrio cholerae El Tor biotype; Serogroups O1 and O139 -Bengal-, and Vibrio cholerae NAG (non-O1, Non-O139) - Identification; toxin production detection.
  474. Vibrio parahaemolyticus Kanagawa positive: Molecular detection (PCR).
  475. Visceral Larva migrans (see Toxocariasis: Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati).
  476. West Nile Fever virus (WNFV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  477. West Nile Virus (WNV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  478. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  479. Whataroa virus (Alphavirus, Togaviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  480. Whipple´s Disease - (see Tropheryma whipplei).
  481. Wuchereria bancrofti - (see Filaria - Filariasis).
  482. XMRV (Xenotropic Murine Leukemia virus-related virus) - Molecular diagnosis (RT-PCR).
  483. Yellow Fever virus (YFV) (Flavirivirus, Flaviviridae) - (see Arbovirus).
  484. Yersinia enterocolitica: Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification of pathogenic strains; Molecular identification of the main serotypes.
  485. Yersinia pestis - Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  486. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis - Molecular diagnosis (PCR).
  487. Zika virus (ZIKV) (Flavivirus, Flaviviridae) (Arbovirus) - Molecular diagnosis (rt-RT-PCR); Specific antibodies by neutralization test.
  488. Zygomycetes (Mucorales) -Mucormycosis-: Microscopic exam; Culture; Molecular diagnosis (PCR); Molecular identification (sequencing); Molecular diagnosis for Absidia spp., Cunninghamella spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp., Rhizomucor spp.; Antif